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Public distribution system (PDS) is an Indian food security system. Established by the Government of India under Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution and managed jointly with state governments in India, it distributes subsidized food and non-food items to India's poor. This scheme was launched in India on June 1997. Major commodities distributed include staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene, through a network of public distribution shops (also known as ration shops) established in several states across the country. Food Corporation of India, a Government-owned corporation, procures and maintains the PDS. In coverage and public expenditure, it is considered to be the most important food security network. However, the food grains supplied by the ration shops are not enough to meet the consumption needs of the poor or are of inferior quality. The average level of consumption of PDS grains in India is only 1 kg per person / month. The PDS has been criticised for its urban bias and its failure to serve the poorer sections of the population effectively. The targeted PDS is costly and gives rise to much corruption in the process of extricating the poor from those who are less needy. Today, India has the largest stock of grain in the world besides China, the government spends Rs. 750 billion ($13.6 billion) per year, almost 1 percent of GDP, yet 21% remain undernourished. Distribution of food grains to poor people throughout the country is managed by state governments.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2000-01/chap53.pdf )〕 As of date there are about 500,000 Fair Price Shops (FPS) across India.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.fcamin.nic.in/dfpd/EventListing.asp?Section=PDS&id_pk=1&ParentID=0 )〕 Overview The central and state governments shared the responsibility of regulating the PDS. While the central government is responsible for procurement, storage, transportation, and bulk allocation of food grains, state governments hold the responsibility for distributing the same to the consumers through the established network of Fair Price Shops (FPSs). State governments are also responsible for operational responsibilities including allocation and identification of families below poverty line, issue of ration cards, supervision and monitoring the functioning of FPSs. Under PDS scheme, each family below the poverty line is eligible for 35 kg of rice or wheat every month, while a household above the poverty line is entitled to 15 kg of foodgrain on a monthly basis. A below poverty line (BPL) card holder should be given 35 kg of food grain and the card holder above the poverty line should be given 15 kg of food grain as per the norms of PDS. However, there are concerns about the efficiency of the distribution process. ==Public distribution shop == A public distribution shop, also known as fair price shop (FPS)or Ration Shop. It is a part of India's public distribution system established by Government of India which distributes rations at a subsidized price to the poor. As of date there are about 4.99 lakh fair price shops across India.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.fcamin.nic.in/dfpd/EventListing.asp?Section=PDS&id_pk=1&ParentID=0 )〕 Locally these are known as "ration shops" and chiefly sell wheat, rice, kerosene and sugar at a price lower than the market price. Other essential commodities may also be sold. These are also called fair price shops. To buy items one must have a ration card. These shops are operated throughout the country by joint assistance of central and state government. The item from these shops are much cheaper but are of average quality. Ration shops are now present in most localities, villages towns and cities. India has 478,000 shops constituting the largest distribution network in the world. The introduction of rationing in India dates back to the 1940s Bengal famine. This rationing system was revived in the wake of acute food shortage during the early 1960s, before the Green Revolution. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Public distribution system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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